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NC3Rs: National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research

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Principal Investigator: Dr Ildem Akerman, University of Birmingham
A collection of test tubes containing coloured liquid

The research team of Professors Bazbek Davletov and Andrew Peden, long-term collaborators at the University of Sheffield, have developed in vitro, cell-based assays for replacing animal testing in the manufacture of clostridial toxin-based medical products.

Professor Andrew Peden standing with his research group